VietNamNet Bridge – Dong Cuu is Viet Nam’s only craft village that supplied ritual dresses for kings, lords and courtiers in the past. Now it specialises in costumes for the hau dong (the spirit medium) ritual that received UNESCO recognition. 

Finishing touches: A young woman in Dong Cuu works on a costume set for a hau dong ceremony held during the first lunar month in the central province of Nghe An.

Dong Cuu has a unique claim to fame in Viet Nam.

It is the only craft village that used to supply dresses for kings, lords and courtiers to wear for rituals.

That was in the past, of course. It has always had another skill to bank on, that of embroidery, but it has still kept the unique tradition alive by producing items for hau dong, or the spirit medium.

The rituals were recognized by the UN cultural agency UNESCO as an intangible heritage of humanity last December.

Located on the banks of the Nhue River in Ha Noi’s Thuong Tin District, Dong Cuu has been famous for the embroidery that is used in traditional festivals.

Vu Van Gioi, 58, an embroidery artisan, says since becoming the “fashion capital” for hau dong nearly four decades ago, almost all the villagers have entered the profession because “our customers are increasing, particularly during the first three months of the lunar calendar.”

“To meet increasing demand, we have to use an embroidery machine, but many customers specifically order handmade items because they are more genuine and attractive,” he says.

He insists that fashion plays an important role in the success of a hau dong ceremony. “Beautiful attire and jewellery help mediums and the audience feel more cheerful and enthusiastic.”

Ornate: A hat worn during a ritual. – Photos: An Thanh Dat/VNS

Gioi also says that although they have many designs, embroiderers have to strictly obey design models, colours and accompanying costumes. For example, clothes of the king should always be in yellow and embroidered with dragons to symbolize his supreme rank.

“Our village has many skilled workers; they can embroider very well-detailed models from the smallest pieces. For example, they can embroider a dragon to make it look real.”

Gioi says there are five basic colours used: green, red, white, yellow and deep blue. When other colours are needed, the thread has to be dyed.

Nguyen The Du, 62, an embroidery artisan, says his family typically uses natural methods to dye the thread. This involves boiling the bark of a tree (he wanted to keep the tree’s name a secret) and dipping the thread in this liquid for 10 minutes. 

“Dong Cuu workers have skilled hands, they can infuse a fresh spirit into a design, giving it its own soul and personality,” says 80 years old Bui Thi Lua. She says she strictly controls the quality of each item made by her family members and workers.

A high quality item should have a regular thread line with a soft embroidery line. “Even the shoes and hats for mediums have to be carefully embroidered,” Lua says.

The technique of combining thread colours in embroidery is also very important in creating a beautiful item, and this affirms the skills of a worker, she says.

Many embroidery families sign contracts to supply items to shops in Hang Quat Street in Ha Noi’s Old Quarter, while others sign orders directly with customers, says Lua.

The price of a costume embroidered carefully will be 10 times (about VND3-4 million each) that of a machine-made one, she added.

It needs 15-20 days to make a set of hau dong ritual dresses, but for highly sophisticated items, a set will take several months. A simple pair of shoes needs 3-5 days of work, while restoring a set of costumes could take a year.

Soaring spirit: A dress used in the hau dong ritual made by Dong Cuu artisans.

“My family produces quick handmade items for wholesale traders, and we can earn a profit of VND50-60 million a month,” Lua says, adding that so far this year, her goods have sold very well.

People from everywhere in the country and even abroad, particularly overseas Vietnamese, come to the village to buy its goods. 

“I’ve received orders for the next two years,” Lua says, noting that the job has helped many households in the village build spacious houses and buy luxury cars.

Tran Thi Mai, a cultural official in Thuong Tin District, says the village now has more than 40 embroidery workshops, employing hundreds of workers including many young ones.

“Almost all my villagers are happy, because after several hundred years, they are still able to preserve the craft that is fast developing now. 

Many young people in the village have joined the trade, because they can earn as much as VND8-10 million per month,” says Mai.

Truong Thi Man, a 11th grader who learned the job from her mother since she was four, has become a skilled worker.

“I can teach the embroidery technique to younger ones,” she says.

Nguyen Dac Bay, of the Dong Cuu Embroidery Association, says more than 30 artisans in the village can teach the job to other villagers and people from other places, including those with disabilities. 

Humble beginnings

It is says that Le Cong Hanh (1606-1661) was the patron saint of this craft village. He learned the job after being assigned to work as envoy to a foreign country and taught the embroidery technique to Dong Cuu and surrounding villages.

Village elders say the tools used were quite simple, just needles, embroidery frames of different shapes, and a few other accessories.

Dong Cuu artisans began embroidering with gold and silver threads after they were invited by Nguyen Kings to the Royal Citadel in Hue to set up a group specializing in decorating royal costumes.

Now, they use metallic-coloured threads to create similar effects for the dresses they produce.

“Thanks to UNESCO’s recognition of hau dong, many old costumes that were thought lost have been restored by Dong Cuu artisans.

The village is focusing on making items to supply to traditional festivals and religious ceremonies at temples and pagodas,” Bay says.

He says more than 100 households in the village have set up their own workshop and 90 per cent of all the families are engaged in embroidery or supplying other items for rituals and festivals.

The village’s trade was recognised as a national intangible heritage last November.

Bay says the recognition was a great encouragement for Dong Cuu people to preserve the traditional trade of their ancestors.

“We are planning to make our village a tourism destination.” 

Framed: This carefully embroidered item was ordered by an Overseas Vietnamese in the US.  Needlework: A Dong Cuu worker embroiders a costume. Crowning glory: Highly decorative crowns and shoes are used in the hau dong ceremony.

Ha Nguyen

VNS