Scientists have unveiled a comprehensive genetic map of advanced prostate cancer, hailing it as the disease's "Rosetta Stone".

The study suggests nearly nine in 10 patients with advanced prostate cancer could benefit from targeted treatments

The study, published in the journal Cell, shows that nearly nine in 10 men had gene mutations that could be targeted with drugs.

The study was led in the UK by scientists at the Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) London in collaboration with several teams in the United States.

Researchers analysed the genetic codes of tumours from 150 patients with metastatic - or advanced - prostate cancer, whose disease had spread to other parts of the body.

They found that 89% had genetic aberrations for which there were existing drugs or treatments undergoing clinical trials.

Prof Johann de Bono, of the ICR and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust told the BBC: "This is truly a game-changer. We are calling this prostate cancer's Rosetta Stone, because we can now decode the disease for the first time.

"In the past, we used to treat lethal prostate cancer as a single illness but this shows that it is a group of diseases, each driven by their own set of mutations."

Prof de Bono said it meant that, using genetic testing, it would be possible to individualise patient care, heralding the arrival of personalised treatment for advanced prostate cancer.

More than 40,000 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer and nearly 11,000 die in the UK each year.

Hormone resistance

Nearly all men with advanced disease develop resistance to hormone therapy, which is used to prevent prostate cancer cells from growing.

In the study, nearly two-thirds of the patients had mutations in a molecule that interacts with the male hormone androgen, which is targeted in current treatments.

Scientists at the ICR believe this could open up new avenues for hormone therapy.

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were found in nearly one in five patients.

Trials at the Royal Marsden/ICR have already shown prostate cancer patients with BRCA mutations can benefit from drugs called Parp inhibitors which disrupt cancer cells' DNA repair mechanism.

One of these drugs, called olaparib, is now licensed by the EU to treat women with ovarian cancer, who carry BRCA mutations.

The research is part of a move towards treating cancer - not just by its site of origin - such as breast, lung or prostate - but with medicines which target the individual genetic mutations driving the disease which can be common across several cancers.

Prof Paul Workman, ICR chief executive said: "This major new study opens up the black box of metastatic cancer, and has found inside a wealth of genetic information that I believe will change the way we think about and treat advanced disease."

Dr Iain Frame, director of research at Prostate Cancer UK said: "This is incredibly exciting and ground-breaking research. It suggests for the first time the list of genetic mutations to search for in order to build up a blueprint of a man's prostate cancer once it has spread.

"This could provide the information about the best routes of attack in each individual case which is crucial if we are to reduce the number of men dying needlessly from this disease."

Source: BBC