“Public investment remains a catalyst for Vietnam’s economic growth, so its effective implementation is crucial. Although the government has applied various measures to expedite public investment and enhance effective execution, more systematic measures are required to improve legal and regulatory processes and so reduce constraints on efficient delivery,” the ADB stated.

“Every $1 of disbursed public investment capital stimulates $1.61 of capital from the non-state sector. However, the execution rate compared to planned investment has been consistently low, hovering around 80 per cent for the year. While the government has tried to address this problem, progress has been insufficient,” it added.

Last year, public investment was considered the key driver for economic recovery and growth in 2023. The government was committed to disbursing around $30 billion in the year. However, it has been reported that the disbursed sum touched $27.5 billion.

The government has determined that public funding will continue to be the key driver for economic recovery and growth in 2024 when a considerable amount is scheduled to be disbursed.

Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh said that this year, Vietnam will earmark $27.4 billion for public investment, most of which will be for infrastructure development, and efforts must be made to disburse at least 95 per cent of the sum.

“This target must be achieved, and it is requested that all localities and ministries must roll up their sleeves to disburse this type of capital,” PM Chinh said at a meeting between the government, ministries, and localities on the nation’s Q1 economic performance.

In Q1, about $3.75 billion was disbursed, hitting 13.67 per cent of the plan, up 3.32 per cent as compared to the same period last year.

According to the ADB, projects approved with allocated budgets sometimes are not ready to move forward, causing extensive delays.

“A systematic approach to improve project readiness can significantly enhance effective implementation. Better readiness to expedite project implementation will help minimise cost overruns,” the ADB stated.

Slow implementation

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that Vietnam’s fiscal policy has ample space available to support growth and the most vulnerable, thanks to prudent policies. In the current environment, the fiscal policy can be more effective in promoting domestic demand moving forward, given highly leveraged corporates and weak external demand.

“However, policy implementation should be stepped up, including by addressing bottlenecks in the public investment cycle,” the IMF said in a report on Vietnamese economic performance released last September. “Strengthening the budget processes would ensure the effectiveness and transparency of the fiscal policy. Over the medium term, further efforts are warranted to mobilise revenues to bolster social spending and infrastructure funding.”

The IMF also noted that although the Law on Public Investment was revised in 2019 and the new Law on Public-Private Partnership Investment was issued in 2020, progress in implementation of the latter has been slow.

“Competitive bidding in procurement is planned, but the effectiveness of project selection and appraisal remains to be improved. It would be useful to conduct a public investment management assessment update together with a climate equivalent to identify further reform priorities,” the IMF stated.

According to the ADB, projects sometimes require design or budget changes even after approval and budget allocation. This can cause long interruptions before project work can start. One major obstacle to timely and quality project preparation is the complexity of regulations, particularly land use planning, land acquisition, and site clearance.

“This rigidity is a crucial challenge in situations of market fluctuations. Soaring prices due to shortages of materials and inputs for production, driven by regulatory constraints, lead to higher costs, forcing contract renegotiations or the need for additional funding and approvals,” said the ADB.

Efforts being made

Vietnam, in seeking to reach upper middle income status by 2030 and high-income status by 2045, aspires to become a modern and industrialised nation with a higher quality of life for its citizens. To achieve this ambitious development goal, the government estimates that it needs to invest an average of 7.3 per cent of GDP annually into infrastructure during the 2021-2030 period.

Despite growing needs, Vietnam’s public investments have been on a declining trend from 8 per cent of GDP in 2011 to 6 per cent in 2022 and 5.61 per cent last year.

While every effort should be made to reverse this trend, improving the efficiency of funding is also key, as it would have a big impact on aggregate productivity growth and GDP levels, the World Bank suggested.

The incremental capital output ratio data from Vietnam’s General Statistics Office also showed that the ratio was 6.25 for the 2011-2015 period and 7.04 for the 2016-2020 period.

As a result, Vietnam achieved much less growth per dollar of investment than China, Malaysia, South Korea, Singapore, and Thailand when they were at comparable levels of per capita income and development.

Increased public spending efficiency could have a major impact on aggregate productivity growth and GDP levels. Policy research suggests that one percentage point increase in public investment via efficiency improvements can raise growth rates by 0.1-0.2 percentage points over the next few years.

At present, according to international organisations, Vietnam’s infrastructure quality lags that of many Asian countries and could impact its attractiveness as a foreign investment destination and potential growth in the long term.

The Global Quality Infrastructure Index 2023 ranked Vietnam 52nd out of 185 economies, far below Indonesia (27th), Thailand (28th), Singapore (29th), and Malaysia (33rd).

One example of infrastructure quality is the expressway density, which is one of the lowest in the region, while road transport costs are the highest regionally. The infrastructure investment gap will constrain Vietnam’s ability to attract and retain overseas funding, including those looking to relocate from China.

Vietnam currently has 47 seaports of all sizes across provinces, but 95 per cent of cargo goes through three ports funded and operated by the Ministry of Transport, in Haiphong in the north and Ho Chi Minh City and Ba Ria-Vung Tau province in the south.