The 'Ao Dai' (Vietnamese traditional long dress) is a symbol of the beauty of Vietnamese women as well as the country’s culture. Tourism directors are seeking solutions to preserve and promote the traditional value of Ao Dai, contributing to developing tourism as well as attracting visitors, particularly foreigners, to Vietnam.

The journey to become a symbol of cultural beauty

When a cyclo carrying Nguyen Thi Sinh, wife of late renowned painter Bui Xuan Phai, who wore an Ao Dai inspired by paintings of Hanoi’s old streets by the painter, appeared on the stage at the opening ceremony of the 2016 Hanoi Ao Dai Festival, the audience had a brief moment of silence. The elegance of a Hanoi woman emanating from Sinh’s eyes, along with the image of winding streets and red roofs awakened memories of the ancient capital among the audience.

Nguyen Thi Sinh shared: “My family used to live at 41 Dinh Tien Hoang street, beside Hoan Kiem Lake. At that time, Hanoi girls wore Ao Dai from the age of 16-17 years old. Women and girls from affluent families had to wear the traditional dress whenever they went out, whether going to work or to the market.”

According to Tran Dinh Son, who has studied the history of Vietnamese traditional costumes extensively, the Ao Dai has a long history. The ‘precursor’ of Ao Dai was created in Phu Xuan town (now Hue City) under the Nguyen Dynasty. Hundreds of years later in 1930s, painters from the Indochina Fine Arts College innovated and developed Ao Dai throughout Thang Long (now Hanoi capital).

Painter Le Pho (1907-2001) created a turning point for the Vietnamese Ao Dai. He combined traditional figures of the Ao Tu Than (four-paneled dress) with a modern touch, fitting the curves of the body in order to highlight the beauty of women’s bodies. Nguyen Thi Sinh said that “When wearing Ao Dai, women themselves know how to walk and talk in order to be true to the beauty of the traditional costume”. Her words showed that Ao Dai deeply affected the soul of Hanoian women.

The Ao Dai has long been popular throughout the country, embodying the charm of Vietnamese women. Despite hard times in the country’s history, the Ao Dai has never lost its vitality. One of the most memorable moments was when Nguyen Thi Binh, former head of the negotiation delegation of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, wore an Ao Dai to attend peace talks for Paris Agreement. The soft and elegant dress indirectly symbolized Vietnam as a peace-loving country with a rich tradition of culture, patriotism and revolution.

Another story highlighting the ‘cultural ambassador’ of Vietnamese Ao Dai was when delegates and audience members attending the awards ceremony for the International Film Festival in Moscow in 1963 gave an appreciative applause to the appearance of People’s Artist Tra Giang wearing Ao Dai. Many of them shouted ‘Vietnam’ and ‘Ao Dai’.

When the country began the period of Doi Moi (Renewal), the Ao Dai was ultimately revived. The traditional long dress has been selected to be the uniform of flight attendants – the first people welcoming international tourists to Vietnam. Now, women wear Ao Dai in holidays, Tet (Lunar New Year) and at international events, particularly numerous cultural exchange programmes. Many Vietnamese Ao Dai designers, such as Minh Hanh and La Hang, are famous both in the country and abroad. The cultural brand of Ao Dai has been increasingly improved in the context of globalisation.

Promoting Vietnamese tourism

From a ‘cultural ambassador’, the Vietnamese tourism sector is making efforts to make the Ao Dai into a ‘tourism ambassador’. The image of Ao Dai has been used to promote the beauty of Vietnamese culture. In addition, the long dress has become a tourism product. For example, when visiting the ancient town of Hoi An in the central province of Quang Nam, after learning about silk and the Ao Dai, many visitors want to have their own dress made; therefore, tailor services appeared. Tourists only have to pay a deposit and select the fabric as well as leave their body measurements and hotel address for tailors, after which they will quickly receive a beautiful set of Ao Dai right the very same day.

In Ho Chi Minh City, designer Si Hoang has built the Vietnam Ao Dai Museum with a total area of 16,000 square metres, featuring the history of Ao Dai culture through hundreds of patterns. At the museum, sets of Ao Dai are displayed on a background of traditional wooden houses, leaving a deep impression on all visitors. On display are sets of Ao Dai of special women in the country’s history including the first woman general of Vietnam People’s Army Nguyen Thi Dinh, former Vice President Nguyen Thi Binh and diplomat Ton Nu Thi Ninh.

The use of the Ao Dai in tourism development has been promoted methodically and synchronously in recent times; therefore, in mid-October, the Hanoi municipal People’s Committee held the 2016 Ao Dai Festival. Director of Hanoi Department of Tourism Do Dinh Hong said that the traditional costume of each country embraces the cultural quintessence and contributes to tourists wanting to discover the culture of the host country. He emphasised that the Hanoi Ao Dai Festival not only aimed to honour the nation’s traditional dress but also acted as a bridge connecting foreign tourists with Vietnam, towards building Hanoi into a fashion centre with Ao Dai considered as its centre.

With a wide range of shows, experience activities, displays and parades, the festival featured the participation of 32 designers and attracted more than 30,000 visitors. The biggest concern of the public is how to promote the beauty of Ao Dai in order to develop tourism.

At the seminar on ‘Preserving and promoting the traditional value of Ao Dai in tourism’ on the sidelines of the festival, researchers, designers and entrepreneurs agreed that first it is essential to enhance the popularity of Ao Dai in the community. However, nowadays, women only wear Ao Dai on special holidays, at Tet and to weddings because they face inconvenience in daily activities, particularly in current modern life.

Deputy Director of Viettrans Travel Company Nguyen Tien Dat proposed that designers should create renovated Ao Dai patterns that are suitable for different contexts. He also shared that the authorities should encourage citizens to wear Ao Dai more frequently. For example, the image of people wearing Ao Dai and organisation of Ao Dai fashion shows are expected to become an attraction for the pedestrian streets around Hoan Kiem Lake in Hanoi.

The festival offered an opportunity for Hanoi to build policies to promote the tourism value of Ao Dai such as building more destinations and tours related to Ao Dai and universalizing the popularity of Ao Dai, added Deputy Director Do Dinh Hong. Currently, several designers in the capital are ready to organise homestay service for visitors who are interested in Ao Dai, considering as the first steps in the process of promoting the value of Ao Dai to develop tourism.

Nhan Dan