‘Then’ singing practitioners strive to preserve their traditional tunes
Lang Son establishes clubs to preserve Then singing
Then singing echoes in Pheo village, Lao Cai

At the age of 17, Lieu Thi Minh Tho is the youngest then shaman in the northern province of Lang Son. Photo dantocmiennui.vn

Born in 2002 in Phu Xa Village, Cao Loc District in the northern province of Lang Son, Tho has been working to preserve and promote then rituals through her passion, talent and hard work.
Then is a popular set of religious beliefs among the Tay and Nung ethnic people in the northeastern mountainous area of Vietnam.

There are various legends on the origin of then according to which the tradition could have endured through thousands of years and still exists in the lives of these ethnic groups. Then shaman can be men or women. 

Lieu Thi Minh Tho learned the then rituals at the age of 13. Photo baolangson.vn

Then rituals are present at important events such as a child's full-month ceremony, long-life celebrations, house building, marriages and deaths. Then shamans carry a special role in the community and are highly respected.

“Then is a form of performing rituals with lyrics, music and costumes,” Tho said. “It is central to the culture of the Tay and Nung ethnic groups and is passed down from generation to generation.”

Watching Tho performing a ritual, it is impossible not to appreciate her talent. Her singing, dancing and instrument playing all work together in harmony.

Tho has been busily preparing a then ritual to perform for a customer on July 6 (the fourth day of the sixth lunar month) to pray for a good education.

Typically she performs the ritual at the customer's house, but on this occasion the customer requested it take place at Tho's home.

Then rituals are held on special occasions such as marriages and deaths. Photo baolangson.vn

Her customer is To Thi Nga, a 34-year-old in Lang Son. Nga has paid Tho to perform the ritual.

The offerings include a pig's head, chicken, fish, confectionery, drinks and paper votive offerings such as a house, clothes, utensils and furniture.

The ceremony is expected to start at 8am and finish by 3pm. During that time, Tho will play her tính instrument and sing then songs. She will perform nonstop without a break from the morning to the afternoon.

There are different then rituals for all different types of occasions, so she has to learn many different songs by heart.

Lẩu then is the most important set of rituals for a shaman. It takes three years of study to become a shaman. After completing all five lẩu then, the shaman is finally considered a master.
It is said that after each lẩu then, the shaman will be more prestigious and able to help more people.

Tho became a shaman in March last year and is the youngest shaman in Lang Son.

She has liked then since a young age but never considered becoming a shaman even though one of her ancestors was also a shaman.

She was frequently sick as a child and her family invited shaman Vi Thuy Nhung to pray for her. She credits those prayers for her survival.

From a young age she fell in love with the emotional melodies of then songs and the sound of the tính instrument. She also loved the stories passed down by old women about the culture of the Tay.

She began studying to become a shaman when she was 13 years old under the tutelage of shaman Nhung.

She quickly proved herself as a gifted and dedicated student, learning many folk songs by heart. Now she can confidently play and sing hundreds of songs for different rituals.

After one year, Nhung performed the lẩu then ritual to recognise her student as a shaman.

Since then, words of Tho's skill as shaman has spread even though she was only 15 years old. She is often invited to perform rituals for people in provinces far from home.

"I have devoted a lot of time and energy to become a shaman," Tho said. "A shaman requires hard work and a good memory. To practise rituals professionally it is important to learn the songs by heart according to the oral traditions, to be skilful and be in good health."

In her three years as a shaman, Tho has performed an average of 60 to 100 rituals per year. They have become community events and a chance for cultural exchange, often drawing big crowds.

In addition to practising at home, Tho performs at festivals held by the Lang Son Cultural and Art Centre to win prizes.

Master singer Trieu Thi Thuy Tien, deputy chairwoman of the Lang Son Folk Song Association, praised Tho's performance at the National Then Singing Festival in Ha Giang last year.

"She is representing a young generation and keeping the treasures of Tay folklore alive," Tien said. "Her practice and performances have contributed to preserving and promoting then songs in the province."

Thơ won gold at the festival for performing an excerpt from the lẩu then ritual.

Lang Son is home to about 65 clubs that gather folk singers and musicians working to preserve then singing and rituals. Then rituals were submitted to UNESCO for recognition as a cultural heritage in 2017.

Nguyen Thuy Binh

VNS