In the Dao language, Pao dung simply means "singing." Yet through these heartfelt, poetic melodies, generations of Dao people have passed down their emotions, beliefs, and hopes - preserving a cultural essence that transcends time.

Born out of daily labor, spiritual needs, and community life, Pao dung emerged as a vibrant form of expression and has become an enduring cultural legacy of the Dao people. It is generally divided into two main categories: spiritual-ritual songs and songs for daily life.

Pao dung in rituals and belief

This form is integral to significant Dao ceremonies, including the cap sac (coming-of-age ritual), weddings, ancestor offerings, full-month baby blessings, farming blessings, and seedling rituals.

Among these, the most notable is Tom dung - a grand musical form regarded as a sacred book containing 36 chapters, written in Dao Nom script. It recounts the formation and growth of deities, ancestors, and the Dao lineage.

Other ritual song styles include Pao khia dao (long-verse songs) and Pao khia ninh (short-verse songs). These songs express gratitude to the gods and prayers for the well-being, wisdom, and virtue of those being initiated.

They also serve as moral guidance for descendants, teaching them to uphold Dao values, avoid wrongdoing, and pray for peace and prosperity.

The lyrics are often symbolic and concise in words yet rich in meaning, requiring a deep understanding of Dao culture and a genuine love for the art form to memorize and master.

Pao dung in daily life

In everyday life, Pao dung appears as lullabies and love duets, with common themes revolving around romantic love, daily labor, and personal feelings. These songs rely heavily on improvisation, with lyrics changing depending on the situation.

This flexibility makes the songs accessible, memorable, and expressive. The engaging back-and-forth singing showcases the wit and spontaneity of the performers, creating a lively and joyful atmosphere.

Today, most Pao dung singers are elderly, and the art form faces the risk of fading away. However, the Dao community has begun taking steps to preserve it.

The revival of Dao Nom language classes has inspired many to learn the script and the folk songs that come with it.

Some enthusiasts have even transcribed and printed Pao dung lyrics to share among villagers, fostering broader participation.

Ly Thi Hien, a cultural officer in Tan Lap commune, Moc Chau district, Son La, shared: “Our commune now includes Pao dung performances during commemorations and festivals. We also broadcast Pao dung on the village loudspeakers during Tet and Qingming festivals.

Villages even connect with one another for singing exchanges, which help strengthen community ties and inspire younger generations to learn Dao folk music.”

Each Pao dung melody embodies a unique cultural value, but at its core, it is a form of moral education - encouraging people to remember their roots, cherish their identity, and carry forward the spirit of the Dao people.

PV